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These wind velocities are translated into uniform static air pressure differences and durations acting inward and outward. Complexities of wind pressures, as related to building design, wind intensity versus duration, frequency of occurrence, and other factors must be considered. Superimposed on sustained winds are gusting winds which, for short periods of time from a fraction of a second to a few seconds, are capable of moving at considerably higher velocities than the sustained winds.
The analytical procedures in ASCE 7, wind tunnel studies, computer simulations, and model analyses are helpful in determining the appropriate design wind loads on exterior surface elements of buildings. Generally, wind load durations obtained from ASCE 7 are 2 to 10 s and are dependent upon the specific time reference employed in determining the pressure coefficients. Therefore, the duration of the applied test load may have a significant impact on the performance of materials used in the test specimen.
The most common examples of materials with time-dependent response characteristics that are used are glass, plastics, and composites that employ plastics. For this reason, the strength of an assembly is tested for the actual time duration to which it would be exposed to a sustained or a gust load, or both, as discussed above.
Generally, U. Thus a safety factor is incorporated in the testing. With test loads for wind higher than those determined by ASCE 7 or of longer time duration than 10 s, the designer must consider what safety factors are appropriate. For test loads that represent design loads other than wind, such as snow load, consideration shall be given to establish an appropriate test period for both design and proof load testing.
Consideration of cyclic air pressure differentials is addressed in Test Method E Consideration of windborne debris in combination with cyclic air pressure differential representing extreme wind events is addressed in Test Method E and Specification E When the structural performance of glass is to be evaluated, the procedure described in Test Method E or E shall be used.
Terminology 3. This pressure is determined by either analytical or wind-tunnel procedures such as are specified in ASCE 7. The completed system is assembled entirely in the field.
The completed system is designed to be modular, transportable, and installed as a finished assembly. Summary of Test Method 4. Significance and Use 5. This typically is intended to represent the effects of a wind load on exterior building surface elements. The actual loading on building surfaces is quite complex, varying with wind direction, time, height above ground, building shape, NOTE 1�In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function 5 Available from The American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE , Alexander Bell Dr.
Additional locations for deflection measurements, if required, shall be stated by the specifier. The specimen may or may not truly represent every aspect of the actual structure. In service, the performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting construction, temperature, and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various other causes, including vibration, thermal expansion and contraction, etc.
Apparatus 6. Provide a static pressure tap to measure the pressure difference across the test specimen. Locate the tap so that the reading is unaffected by the velocity of air supplied to or from the chamber or by any other air movements. The air supply opening into the chamber shall be arranged so that the air does not impinge directly on the test specimen with any significant velocity.
A means shall be provided to facilitate test specimen adjustments and observations. The test chamber or the specimen mounting frame, or both, must not deflect under the test load in such a manner that the performance of the specimen will be affected. The system shall provide an essentially constant air-pressure difference for the required test period.
Hazards 7. Considerable energy and hazard are involved at the pressures used in this test method. Warning�At the pressure used in this test method, considerable hazards are involved. Do not permit personnel in negative pressure chambers during tests. Test Specimens 8. For multistory systems, the specimen height shall not be less than two full building stories plus the height necessary to include at least one full horizontal joint accommodating vertical expansion.
If water testing is to be performed on the test specimens, at least one full horizontal joint accommodating vertical expansion shall be included and located in the bottom third of the specimen. The specimen shall include all typical expansion joints, connections, anchorages, and supporting elements including those at the top, bottom, and both sides of the specimen.
Where the largest system or building wall is smaller than that required herein, the largest system or full size building wall shall be tested. See Figs. Separate tests of anchorage systems using the actual anchor substrates shall be conducted when specified. If an adequate air supply is available, a completely airtight seal need not be provided around the perimeter of the test specimen and the mounting panel, although it is preferable.
However, substantial air leakage will require an air supply of much greater capacity to maintain the required pressure differences. Calibration of manometers and mechanical deflection measuring devices are normally not required, provided the instruments are used at a temperature near their design temperature. Required Information Procedure Fit the specimen into or against the chamber opening. The outdoor side of the specimen shall face the higher pressure side for positive loads; the indoor side shall face the higher pressure side for negative loads.
Support and secure the specimen by the same number and type of anchors used in installing the unit in a building, or if this is impractical, by the same number of other comparable fasteners, located in the same way as in the intended installations.
The means to stop air leakage shall not restrict any relative movement between specimen components. As an alternative, cover the entire specimen and mounting panel with a single thickness of polyethylene film no thicker than 0. The technique of application is important to ensure that the maximum load is transferred to the specimen and that the membrane does not prevent movement or failure of the specimen. Apply the film loosely with extra folds of material at each corner and at all offsets and recesses.
When the load is applied, there shall be no fillet caused by tightness of plastic film. For operable specimens, open, close, and lock each ventilator, sash, or door five times after adjustments and prior to testing. Release the pressure difference across the specimen NOTE 1�Width of typical specimen if no corners are included in system or project. NOTE 2�Include vertical expansion joint corners and end jamb conditions in test specimen if such items are part of system or project wall.
If water testing is to be performed, place one expansion joint in lower third of specimen. NOTE 3�See 8.